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List of Chinese inventions - Wikipedia. A bronze Chinese crossbow trigger mechanism with a butt plate (the wooden components have since eroded and disappeared), inlaid with silver, from either the late Warring States period (4.

BC) or the early Han Dynasty (2. BC – AD 2. 20)China has been the source of many innovations, scientificdiscoveries and inventions.[1] This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, and printing (both woodblock and movable type).

The list below contains these and other inventions in China attested by archaeology or history. The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving mechanics, hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, engineering, music theory, craftsmanship, naval architecture and warfare. By the Warring States period (4. BC), inhabitants of the Warring States had advanced metallurgic technology, including the blast furnace and cupola furnace, while the finery forge and puddling process were known by the Han Dynasty (2. BC–AD 2. 20). A sophisticated economic system in imperial China gave birth to inventions such as paper money during the Song Dynasty (9. The invention of gunpowder during the mid 9th century led to an array of inventions such as the fire lance, land mine, naval mine, hand cannon, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket and rocket bombs with aerodynamic wings and explosive payloads.

With the navigational aid of the 1. Chinese sailors sailed as far as East Africa.[2][3][4] In water- powered clockworks, the premodern Chinese had used the escapement mechanism since the 8th century and the endless power- transmitting chain drive in the 1.

They also made large mechanical puppet theaters driven by waterwheels and carriage wheels and wine- serving automatons driven by paddle wheel boats. The contemporaneous Peiligang and Pengtoushan cultures represent the oldest Neolithic cultures of China and were formed around 7. BC.[5] Some of the first inventions of Neolithic China include semilunar and rectangular stone knives, stone hoes and spades, the cultivation of millet, rice, and the soybean, the refinement of sericulture, the building of rammed earth structures with lime- plastered house floors, the creation of pottery with cord- mat- basket designs, the creation of pottery tripods and pottery steamers and the development of ceremonial vessels and scapulimancy for purposes of divination.[6][7] British Sinologist, Francesca Bray argues that the domestication of the ox and buffalo during the Longshan culture (c.

BC) period, the absence of Longshan- era irrigation or high- yield crops, full evidence of Longshan cultivation of dry- land cereal crops which gave high yields "only when the soil was carefully cultivated," suggest that the plough was known at least by the Longshan culture period and explains the high agricultural production yields which allowed the rise of Chinese civilisation during the Shang Dynasty (c. BC).[8] With later inventions such as the multiple- tube seed drill and heavy moldboard iron plough, China's agricultural output could sustain a much larger population. For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in China, and as such does not include foreign technologies which the Chinese acquired through contact, such as the windmill from the Middle East or the telescope from early modern Europe.

It also does not include technologies developed elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese, such as the odometer and chain pump. Scientific, mathematical or natural discoveries, changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on the list. Four Great Inventions[edit]The following is a list of the Four Great Inventions—as designated by Joseph Needham (1. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 0 Final 64 Bit there. British scientist, author and sinologist known for his research on the history of Chinese science and technology.[9]. The Diamond Sutra, the oldest printed book, published in AD 8. Tang Dynasty (6. 18–9. This sub- section is about paper making; for the writing material first used in ancient Egypt, see papyrus.

Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (2. BC – AD 2. 20) court eunuch Cai Lun (5.

AD – AD 1. 21) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Tianshui; [1. The earliest known piece of paper with writing on it was discovered in the ruins of a Chinese watchtower at Tsakhortei, Alxa League, where Han Dynasty troops had deserted their position in AD 1. Xiongnu attack.[1. In the paper making process established by Cai in 1. K. S. Tom says this process was gradually improved through leaching, polishing and glazing to produce a smooth, strong paper. Paper is used a lot.[1.

Printing[edit]For the separate invention of movable type printing in medieval Europe, see printing press and Johannes Gutenberg. Woodblock printing: The earliest specimen of woodblock printing is a single- sheet dharani sutra in Sanskrit that was printed on hemp paper between 6. AD; it was unearthed in 1. Tang tomb near Xi'an.[1.

A Korean miniature dharani Buddhist sutra discovered in 1. Chinese writing characters used only during the reign of China's only self- ruling empress, Wu Zetian (r.

Silla Korean temple stupa built in 7. The first printed periodical, the Kaiyuan Za Bao was made available in AD 7. However, the earliest known book printed at regular size is the Diamond Sutra made during the Tang Dynasty (6. AD.[1. 9] Joseph Needham and Tsien Tsuen- hsuin write that the cutting and printing techniques used for the delicate calligraphy of the Diamond Sutra book are much more advanced and refined than the miniature dharani sutra printed earlier.[1. An illustration published in Wang Zhen's (fl. AD 1. 31. 3 showing movable type characters arranged by rhyme scheme in round table compartments. Movable type: The polymath scientist and official Shen Kuo (1.

Song Dynasty (9. 60–1. Dream Pool Essays of 1. He attributed the innovation of reusable fired clay characters to a little- known artisan named Bi Sheng (9. Bi had experimented with wooden type characters, but their use was not perfected until 1. Wang Zhen (fl. 1. Yuan Dynasty (1. 27. It was not until 1.

Hua Sui (1. 43. 9–1. Ming Dynasty (1. 36.

Chinese perfected metal movable type characters, namely bronze.[2. The Qing Dynasty (1.

Xu Zhiding of Tai'an, Shandong developed vitreous enamel movable type printing in 1. Gunpowder[edit]Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Tang dynasty (6. The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1. Song Dynasty (9. 60–1.

Its gunpowder formulas describe the use of incendiary bombs launched from catapults, thrown down from defensive walls, or lowered down the wall by use of iron chains operated by a swape lever.[2. Bombs launched from trebuchet catapults mounted on forecastles of naval ships ensured the victory of Song over Jin forces at the Battle of Caishi in 1. Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1. Japan in 1. 27. 4 and 1. During the 1. 3th and 1.

Ming Dynasty (1. 36. Huolongjing compiled by Jiao Yu (fl. Liu Bowen (1. 31. It was completed in 1. Liu's death, with a preface added by the Jiao in its Nanyang publication.[3.

Compass[edit]. A model in Kaifeng of a Chinese ladle- and- bowl type compass used for geomancy in the Han Dynasty (2. BC – 2. 20 AD); the historical authenticity of the model has been questioned by Li Shu- hua (1.

Although an ancient hematite artifact from the Olmec era in Mexico dating to roughly 1. BC indicates the possible use of the lodestonecompass long before it was described in China, the Olmecs did not have iron which the Chinese would discover could be magnetised by contact with lodestone.[3.