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This paper discusses the first public crack of a. DES encrypted message using brute force, and shows how the sort of. We originally suggested that this work is repeatable, and have been. DES has fallen again, and RC5 3. We strongly advise systems based on DES to. On January 2. 8, 1. RSA Laboratories launched a series of. The goal was to find secret. One of. the most tantalizing of these challenges was based on DES, a widely. Soon after two easier. DES challenge. Led by Rocke Verser, Matt Curtin, and Justin. Dolske, the DESCHALL effort 8 sought to. RSAs DES Challenge 5 by means of a large scale. Internet. We simply endeavored to. Brute force attacks like this are naturally suited to distributed or. Although not a new attack by any means, brute force key search has. If. an algorithm is believed to be safe, that typically means that the. Often, a safe. The number of possible keys determines the feasibility of. While there has been relatively widespread belief that government. DES, no one had. ever accomplished the feat in public before this projects success. DES is still widely deployed in a variety of environments, including. DES is, therefore, a real target, and because of. Our approach centered around a single key server which kept track. What Is The Best Hard Drive Diagnostic Software. Clients would then contact. Internet, to request work and report the results. Figure 1. All communication between a client and the server was done through the. UDP protocol, a standard part of any IP stack. UDP is a low overhead. The. protocol used is an extension of the one designed and used by. Germano Caronni in the crack of RSAs RC5 3. It consisted of just a few simple. Initial requestprovided the server with the client. Not found requestreported a range of previously assigned. Answer replysent by the server in reply to a clients. Message replycould be sent by the server to cause a text. Kill replycould be sent by the server to cause a client. Clients would automatically increase the size of the key blocks they. Blocks were always 2. N keys. in size, where N was generally between 2. Additionally, all messages dealing with key blocks included checksums. UDP as a low overhead protocol does not. To help prevent sabotage, the clients. Not found message contained additional data, calculated during its. For most of the challenge, the keyserver was an IBM PS2 Server a. MB of RAM, connected to the. Internet via a dedicated 2. PPP connection. This server was. Pentium based backup server was occasionally used during. The clients that used this protocol were designed to run on a wide. By the end of the contest, we had 4. All of the clients running on Intel or. Macintosh Power. PC hardware contained hand optimized. C. Java was briefly considered, but it was quickly dropped we. Java version would be. The clients were highly optimized for decrypting DES messages, using a. DES process and detect non winning. Using these methods, a 2. MHz Pentium. system was able to test approximately 1 million keyssecond, and a 2. MHz Power. PC 6. 04e based system reached 1. Towards. the end of the contest, we introduced a bitslice client inspired. Biham 3 which was extremely fast on 6. With this new client, a 5. MHz Alpha was able to test 5. MHz Ultra. SPARC was able to test 2. In the end, Intel compatible systems accounted for 5. SPARC based systems for 2. Power. PC systems. All of the clients would, by default, run with low priority, so that. An interesting side effect. DESCHALL, shown in. Figure 2, is that weekends would show significant peaks. Also, performance improvements in the clients contributed. Soon after DESCHALL began to become popular, we found that firewalls. UDP messages the client and server were. To circumvent the problem, we developed a pair of. UDP messages through. TCP connections, illustrated in Figure 3. One of these. proxies would sit inside the users network, and the other was. DESCHALL organizers. Clients running behind a. U2. T gateway as a keyserver. The U2. T. gateway would receive the clients datagram, and send the data through. TCP connection to the T2. U gateway. The data was also. HTTP Web request, to allow passage. TCP connections but. Web access. For sites with application layer firewalls, the. U2. T gateway could use the sites Web proxy, which would. T2. U gateway. Via either method, the T2. U. gateway would then convert the received data back into a UDP datagram. The DESCHALL gateways allowed a large number of people to participate. For example, the entirety of. Sun Microsystems contribution ranked 5th in total keys tested was. We have demonstrated that a brute force search of DES keyspace is not. RSAs prize for the find was US1. DES is inadequate for protecting data of any greater value. With the increasing amount of computing power available at lower and. Simply put, DES and other small key cryptosystems are. What we have done is something that the security community has known. To our knowledge, however, this is the. DES or any cryptosystem has been. At the same time that the cost of computing is going down, the. Given the. ubiquity of the Internet and the fact that key search is easily. During the course of the DESCHALL project, more than 7. IP. addresses were recorded by the keyserver as having participated to. We had a peak of about 1. All participants were volunteers a one time prize of. US4,0. 00 was awarded to the person whose machine found the winning. While we did get a relatively large number of hosts to participate. Three major considerations influenced the number of hosts. Because of concern about government restrictions on the export. US, our client distribution site. US or Canada to download our. This certainly restricted many of our friends abroad from. Everyone downloading and installing our client had to go get it. Spending time to make the client a neater package. If we were. interested in accomplishing our objective without regard to ethical. Active. X controls, and other pieces of. The project ran for a relatively brief time about three months. During this time, our effort gained in participating hosts and. If we required more time, the number of. At some point, we. Often, when performing risk analysis, one will consider a threat model. The dropping cost of computing technology and the easy access to large. Now, individuals and small groups can muster the. Data that was. once considered to be be vulnerable only to an attack by a large. Internet and no budget. This ability may. DES. would require an investment in specialized hardware. The ease of development and deployment of a software based system has. Hardware implementations are always much. Rocke Verser estimates 9 that a 1. FPGA should be able to process nearly 1. Michael Wiener presented a design for a DES key search. A 1,0. 00,0. 00 version of the. DES keys in 3. 5 hours, on average. A late 1. 99. 7 version of this machine 1. DES keys in 3. 5 minutes, on average. A 1. 0,0. 00. version of this machine would be capable of finding DES keys in 2. A dedicated, funded attacker is going to use more efficient methods of. However, a. hardware based attack requires a substantial investment in the. Even though a software based attack like DESCHALL is. DESCHALLs relatively simple architecture was able to accomplish a.